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Page 22 of 22
Notes and References
(1) Foreword to Mahatma by D.G. Tendulkar, 1951, reprinted in Nehru, an Anthology edited by Sarvepalli Gopal. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980. p. 116. This work is hereafter cited as Anthology
(2) Georg Simmel, “Money in Modern Culture,” Theory, Culture and Society, volume 8, number 3, pp. 17-31, at p. 20.
(3) Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working-Class in England. In Marx and Engels, Collected Works. New York: International Publishers, 1845. Volume 4, page 427.
(4) Ananda Coomaraswamy, ¨What is Civilisation? and Other Essays. Ipswich: Golgonooza Press, 1989; Louis Dumont, From Mandeville to Marx: The Genesis and Triumph of Economic Ideology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1957.
(4a) Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama. New York: Pantheon Press, 1968. Volume II, pp. 1033-1047.
(5) Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1959. pp. 217-218. It did not help that sometimes the British opted to codify and enforce the pre-existing Hindu or Muslim law. Although they diligently sought to follow the letter of pre-existing law, they failed to understand its spirit. as was acknowledged by a philosopher who was also an officer of the British East India Company, John Stuart Mill, and as was also pointed out by Nehru in The Discovery of India, p. 244.
(6) Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1959. p. 194.
(7) Peter Berger et al, The Homeless Mind. New York: Random Press, 1973, quoted by Menachem Rosner and David Mittelberg, “The Dialectic of Alienation and De- Alienation,” in David Schweitzer and R. Felix Geyer (eds) Alienation Theories and De-Alienation Strategies. Northwood, Middlesex, UK: Science Reviews Ltd., 1989. p. 150.
(8) Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography (1936) pp. 515-16.
(9) Letter from Nehru to Gandhi, 11 January 1928, reprinted in Sarvepalli Gopal (ed), Jawaharlal Nehru, An Anthology. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1980. p. 99
(10) B.R. Nanda, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rebel and Statesman. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995. pp. 179-80.
(11) “My life is my message” is a quotation I saw attributed to Gandhi on signs at his Sabarmati ashram when I visited there in 1995.
(12) R.K. Gupta, A Dictionary of Moral Concepts in Gandhi. Delhi: Maadhyam Book Services, 2000.
(13) Erik Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth: on the origins of militant nonviolence. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1969. pp. 411-413.
(14) Leo Tolstoy, The Kingdom of God is Within You. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984 (reprint of an 1894 edition). Pp. 341-42. Tolstoy had particularly in mind the Russian Christians who did not speak the truth they professed to the power of Russian landlords and army officers who violently repressed the poor.
(15) Sir James George Frazer, The Golden Bough a study in magic and religion. New York: Macmillan; 1922. Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. New York: Macmillan, 1926. It should be mentioned, however, that in a respect not directly relevant here, Hinduism is a hard case for Durkheimian theories of religion, since such theories postulate a dichotomy of the sacred and the profane while the tendency of Hinduism is to make everything sacred. For an interesting Marxist account of the social and ecological functions of the Hindu institution of the sacred cow see Marvin Harris, Cows, Pigs, Wars and Witches: the riddles of culture. New York: Vintage Books, 1975.
(16) Thomas Berry sometimes made this remark during seminars he conducted in the summers during the 1980s at the Holy Cross Centre in Port Burwell, Ontario, Canada. He has probably written it down in one of his published works.
(17) See generally Huiyun Wang, Discourses on Tradition and Modernization. Delhi: Maadhyam Book Services, 2001.
(18) Harijan, August 18, 1940, p. 252, reprinted in J.S. Mathur and A.S. Mathur (eds.) Economic Thought of Mathatma Gandhi Allahabad: Chaitanya Publishing House, 1962. p. 606.
(19) Jawaharlal Nehru, Nehru on Gandhi, a selection arranged in the order of events from the writings and speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru. New York: John Day Company, 1948. p. 52, p. 32.
(20) Antonio Escobar, Encountering Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. p. 6.
(21) Id. p. 5.
(21A) e.g. Simon Kuznets, Growth, Population, and Income Distribution. New York: Norton, 1979. “…a strategy of forced accumulation of capital has much the same consequences practically whether the ideology behind it is capitalist or socialist. It means taking from the poor (who inevitably bear the brunt, in a poor country, of a policy of consumption restraint) and putting the proceeds in the hands of whatever class happens to control the means of production (capitalists, state officials, or a combination of both) so as to enable them to accumulate more rapidly.” Amritananda Das, Foundatons of Gandhian Economics. Delhi: Center for the Study of Developing Societies, 1979. p. 7.
(22) Jawaharlal Nehru, speech of 22 January 1955, reprinted in Anthology, cited above, page 311.
(23) Harijan March 31, 1946, p. 63. Reprinted in Economic Thought of Mahatma Gandhi , cited above, pp. 619-621. See also pages 628-630 According to Gandhi, the right to decide who should succeed to the trusteeship of the trust property after the trustee’s death, “…should be given to the original owner who became the first trustee, but the choice must be finalized by the State. Such arrangement puts a check on the State as well as the individual.” Harijan, February 16, 1947; quoted in Shanti Gupta, The Economic Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. Delhi, Ashok Publishing House, no date. p. 96 In response to a question, Gandhi said, “…I would be very happy indeed if the people concerned behaved as trustees, but if they fail, I believe we shall have to deprive them of their possession through the State with the minimum exercise of violence.” M.L. Dantwala, Gandhism Reconsidered. Bombay: Padma Publications, date not known. p. 57; quoted in Gupta, op. cit.. p. 99
(24) Tolstoy, The Kingdom of God is Within You, cited above, p. 336
(25) Gandhi, Harijan, November 30, 1945. Reprinted in Economic Thought of Mahatma Gandhi, cited above, pp. 166-67
(26) For an example where it might falsely appear that all alternatives have been considered: the optimal decision might be to choose a value of x that maximizes the value of y, where y equals 4x minus x squared, where x and y are natural numbers. Then x equals 2 will be the optimum, since for that value of x, y equals 4, and for any other value of x, y will be smaller. All possible alternatives are considered in the sense that all possible values of x are considered. However, in a larger sense all possible alternatives have not been considered because the real-world problem in question might be conceived in terms of concepts other than x and y, or in terms of another equation.
(27) Richard Peterson, “Alienation and Intellectual Practices,” in Alienation and De-Alienation Strategies, cited above, p. 229.
(28) Gandhi, quoted in the introduction to Kuruvilla Panchikattu (ed.), The Meaning of the Mahatma for the Millennium Delhi: Maadhyam Book Services, 2001. p. 1.
(29) Shalendra D. Sharma, Development and Democracy in India. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1999. p. 129-30. For further data on the lack of economic improvement for the masses under Nehru see Gunnar Myrdal, Asian Drama. New York: Pantheon, 1968. volume I, page 570 and the sources there cited.
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